MRCPCH FOP & TAS

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FCard1] Know the clinical features of common congenital heart conditions and understand the principles of management
• [FCard2] Know the common causes of cyanosis and how to assess these
• [FCard3] Know the causes of murmurs palpitations, syncope, and chest pain, understand the principles of management, and know when to refer
• [FCard4] Know the causes and clinical features of heart failure, understand the principles of management, and know when to refer 
• [FCard5] Know the value of oxygen saturation measurement in the assessment of possible congenital heart diseases
• [FCard6] Know the causes and clinical features of hypertension and how to measure and interpret blood pressure in different age groups
• [FCard7] Know the recommendations regarding endocarditis prophylaxis in children with heart diseases

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TCard1] Know the anatomy and embryology of the normal heart and vascular system
• [TCard2] Understand the development of the heart and know the abnormalities that are associated with common congenital heart diseases
• [TCard3] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of heart diseases
• [TCard4] Know the normal fetal circulation and transitional changes after birth
• [TCard5] Understand the physiological basis of myocardial function
• [TCard6] Understand how the anatomy of the heart relates to changes in physical signs including what underlies the heart sounds and murmurs
• [TCard7] Understand the pathophysiology of cardiac conditions including cyanosis, heart failure, shock, syncope, myocarditis and unexpected cardiac death
• [TCard8] To be able to interpret appropriate investigations in a child with suspected cardiac pathologies including hypertension
• [TCard9] Understand how the electrical activity of the heart translates to the ECG
• [TCard10] Understand how blood pressure is generated, measured and interpreted in health and disease and the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in hypertension
• [TCard11] Understand the pharmacology of drugs used to treat common cardiac conditions including duct dependant cyanosis, heart failure, and arrhythmias
• [TCard12] Understand the scientific basis of infective endocarditis

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FResE1] Recognise the presenting features of hearing impairment and the principles of assessment and management
• [FResE2] Know the causes and management of conditions affecting the nose including epistaxis and allergic rhinitis
• [FResE3] Know the causes and management of respiratory infection, earache, ear discharge, otitis media, and glue ear
• [FResE4] Know about obstructive sleep apnoea and the principles of management
• [FResE5] Know how to assess and manage children with acute asthma and wheeze and plan long-term management
• [FResE6] Know the causes of stridor and the principles of management 
• [FResE7] Know the presentations of cystic fibrosis and the principles of treatment
• [FResE8] Understand the causes of chronic cough and appropriate investigations
• [FResE9] Know the role of health promotion programs in preventing respiratory morbidity e.g. smoking cessation, and sudden infant death, and able to advise parents on avoiding risks
• [FResE10] Understand the long-term complications of medications used for asthma

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TResE1] Know and understand the anatomy and embryology of the respiratory tract and the ear
• [TResE2] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of respiratory diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, and throat
• [TResE3] Understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the respiratory system in health and disease
• [TResE4] Understand the physiological changes that occur in the respiratory system during sleep
• [TResE5] Know and understand the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis and the principles of treatment
• [TResE6] Understand the physiological changes that occur in respiratory disease and how this is reflected in respiratory function tests
• [TResE7] Understand the risks associated with smoking and passive smoking exposure
• [TResE8] Understand the physiology of mechanical ventilation
• [TResE9] Understand the pharmacology of agents commonly used in respiratory disease and the scientific basis of non-pharmacological interventions e.g. physiotherapy

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

[FMsk1] Know the normal variations of limb development e.g. bow legs and knock knees, in-toeing, flat feet  

[FMsk2] Know about the assessment, causes, and initial management of joint and limb pain, joint laxity, and swelling

[FMsk3] Be aware of the presentation of muscular disease including the dystrophies

[FMsk4] Know the differential diagnosis of pain on walking and limp and initial management

[FMsk5] Know the causes of back pain and initial management

[FMsk6] Know the causes of acute and chronic arthritis including those with systemic manifestations (e.g. Henoch- Schönlein purpura) and understand the principles of management

[FMsk7] Know how to recognize the various causes of scoliosis and how they present

[FMsk8] Know how to recognize developmental dysplasia of the hip, appropriate referral pathways, and usual management

Theory and Science (TAS)

[TMsk1] Know and understand the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

[TMsk2] Know the histology and understand the physiology and pathophysiology of muscles and joints in health and disease and understanding how structure relates to function

[TMsk3] Know the science underlying investigations used in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders

[TMsk4] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of musculoskeletal disorders

[TMsk5] Understand the pathophysiology underlying disease associations of rheumatological conditions with other conditions including eye disease, and metabolic disorders

[TMsk6] Understand the pharmacology of agents, including monoclonal antibodies, used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FEndG1] Know the presentation of disorders of the adrenal, thyroid, and parathyroid glands and understand the principles of management
• [FEndG2] Know the presentation of disorders of the pituitary gland and understand the principles of management
• [FEndG3] Understand the patterns of normal growth and development including puberty and its normal variations
• [FEndG4] Understand the principles and practice of growth measurement, including plotting and interpretation of growth charts
• [FEndG5] Know the causes of abnormal growth including short stature and slow or accelerated growth. Know about appropriate assessment, investigation and treatment

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TEndG1] Understand the anatomy, embryology and function of the important endocrine organs e.g. brain, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals and gonads
• [TEndG2] Understand the pathophysiological basis of disorders of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands
• [TEndG3] Understand the pathophysiological basis of endocrine emergencies including adrenal crisis and hypoglycaemia
• [TEndG4] Understand the physiological actions and regulation of endocrine hormones
• [TEndG5] Understand the scientific basis of the investigation of endocrine disease  
• [TEndG6] Understand the physiological basis of growth and puberty
• [TEndG7] Know the genetic and environmental factors that influence growth and puberty 
• [TEndG8] Understand the scientific and statistical basis of growth measurement and charting

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FEndG1] Know the presentation of disorders of the adrenal, thyroid, and parathyroid glands and understand the principles of management
• [FEndG2] Know the presentation of disorders of the pituitary gland and understand the principles of management
• [FEndG3] Understand the patterns of normal growth and development including puberty and its normal variations
• [FEndG4] Understand the principles and practice of growth measurement, including plotting and interpretation of growth charts
• [FEndG5] Know the causes of abnormal growth including short stature and slow or accelerated growth. Know about appropriate assessment, investigation and treatment

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TEndG1] Understand the anatomy, embryology and function of the important endocrine organs e.g. brain, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals and gonads
• [TEndG2] Understand the pathophysiological basis of disorders of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands
• [TEndG3] Understand the pathophysiological basis of endocrine emergencies including adrenal crisis and hypoglycaemia
• [TEndG4] Understand the physiological actions and regulation of endocrine hormones
• [TEndG5] Understand the scientific basis of the investigation of endocrine disease  
• [TEndG6] Understand the physiological basis of growth and puberty
• [TEndG7] Know the genetic and environmental factors that influence growth and puberty 
• [TEndG8] Understand the scientific and statistical basis of growth measurement and charting

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FDerm1] Know the causes and management of skin infections and cellulitis
• [FDerm2] Know the side effects and different potencies of topical steroids
• [FDerm3] Know the common causes of fever and rash – e.g. exanthemata, Kawasaki
• [FDerm4] To be able to assess simple birthmarks such as strawberry naevi and Mongolian blue spots and refer when appropriate
• [FDerm5] Know the causes features and management of rashes- HSP, erythema nodosum and multiforme and the association between skin rashes and common systemic diseases and when to refer
• [FDerm6] To be able to diagnose, investigate and manage common skin rashes e.g. eczema, acne, impetigo, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, dermatitis, cradle cap, and nappy rash
• [FDerm7] Understand the emotional impact of severe dermatological problems

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TDerm1] Understand the anatomy of the skin
• [TDerm2] Know how abnormalities in skin anatomy and physiology relate to appearance, dysfunction, and disease
• [TDerm3] Understand how injuries to the skin including burns affect the function
• [TDerm4] Understand the role of infective agents in skin disease
• [TDerm5] Understand the pharmacology of agents used to treat common skin diseases

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FNeph1] Understand the principles of management of disorders of urogenital tract disorders and know when to seek surgical referral
• [FNeph2] Know the manifestations of acute and chronic renal diseases
• [FNeph3] Know the manifestations and management of urinary tract infections in different age groups
• [FNeph4] Know the causes of haematuria and proteinuria (including nephrotic syndrome and acute nephritis) and recognise features in the presentation that suggest serious or significant pathology
• [FNeph5] Know the principles of managing enuresis
• [FNeph6] Know the causes and assessment of polyuria and polydipsia and when to refer

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TNeph1] Know the anatomy and embryology of the urogenital system
• [TNeph2] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of renal and bladder disorders
• [TNeph3] Understand the physiology of the normal kidney and bladder and the pathophysiological and histopathological changes that occur in renal disorders
• [TNeph4] Understand the scientific basis of imaging and physiological investigations used in renal disorders
• [TNeph5] Understand the physiological basis of renal dialysis and hemofiltration
• [TNeph6] Understand the pharmacology of agents commonly used in renal disorders

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FMetM1] Know about fluid, acid-base and electrolyte disturbances and their management
• [FMetM2] Know the common clinical presentations of metabolic disease
• [FMetM3] Know about the metabolic bone disease and its management  
• [FMetM4] Know about the screening procedures for inherited metabolic conditions

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TMetM1] Understand the biochemistry and metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrate including urea cycle, Krebs cycle, fatty acid cycle
• [TMetM2] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of metabolic disorders
• [TMetM3] Understand the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders.g. electrolyte and acid-base disturbance, hyperammonaemia, hypoglycemia
• [TMetM4] Understand the scientific basis of investigations that are used in the diagnosis of metabolic disorders
• [TMetM5] Understand the physiology and pathophysiology of bone metabolism
• [TMetM6] Understand the scientific principles underlying screening for metabolic disease
• [TMetM7] Understand the principles of dietary, vitamin and pharmacological treatment of metabolic diseases

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FGasH1] Know the causes of acute abdominal pain, and recognise when to refer, including urgency of referral
• [FGasH2] Know the presentations, causes and management of chronic and recurrent abdominal pain including when to refer
• [FGasH3] Know the causes of vomiting/regurgitation at different ages and to be able to assess, manage and refer appropriately
• [FGasH4] Know the causes of acute diarrhoeal illness, how to assess and manage and when to refer
• [FGasH5] Know the common causes of chronic diarrhoea and its initial investigation and management
• [FGasH6] Know the common causes of food allergies and intolerances, their initial management and when to appropriately refer  
• [FGasH7] Know how to diagnose and manage constipation
• [FGasH8] Know the causes of jaundice and when to refer
• [FGasH9] Know the common causes of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding, initial management and appropriate referral
• [FGasH10] To be able to recognise and understand the management of common surgical conditions including hernias, and pyloric stenosis  
• [FGasH11] Know the varied presentations of coeliac disease and its investigation and management
• [FGasH12] Know the presentation of disorders of the exocrine pancreas  

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TGasH1] Understand the pathophysiology of vomiting/regurgitation
• [TGasH2] Understand the pathological mechanisms of infective agents in the gut and liver
• [TGasH3] Understand the pathophysiology of diarrhea 
• [TGasH4] Understand the pathophysiology of food allergies and intolerances  
• [TGasH5] Understand the pathophysiology of constipation  
• [TGasH6] Understand the pathophysiology of liver disorders including jaundice  
• [TGasH7] Know the anatomy and embryology of the gastrointestinal tract and how variation relates to specific disorders e.g. malrotation, atresias, Hirschprung disease
• [TGasH8] Know the basic histopathology and cellular dysfunction ofimportant disorders causing malabsorption including coeliac disease[TGasH9] Understand the physiological basis of normal gut, liver and exocrine pancreatic function including motility, digestion, absorption and secretion

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FNutr1] Know the constituents of a healthy diet at all ages including breast and formula feeding in infancy
• [FNutr2] Understand the principles of infant feeding
• [FNutr3] Know the causes of malnutrition and understand the epidemiology and public health consequences of obesity
• [FNutr4] To be able to recognize obesity, understand the consequences of obesity on health and well-being in the short and long term and advise young people and their families on effective strategies to manage this and use BMI measurements and charts
• [FNutr5] Know the clinical presentation and management of vitamin deficiencies

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TNutr1] Understand the principles of body composition in children and its basic assessment e.g.weight, BMI
• [TNutr2] Understand the scientific basis of nutrition
• [TNutr3] Know the constitution of infant feeds commonly used in health and disease
• [TNutr4] Know the principles of nutritional management in childhood disease e.g. neonates, intensive care, cystic fibrosis
• [TNutr5] Know the nutritional consequences of being underweight and overweight on other body systems e.g. cardiac and on long-term health
• [TNutr6] Know the epidemiology of obesity and malnutrition in global child health
• [TNutr7] Know the scientific basis of dietary supplementation including calories, vitamins, minerals

Applied Knowledge in Practice (AKP)

• [ANutr1] To be able to assess, diagnose and manage malnutrition, obesity, and their complications
• [ANutr2] To be able to assess, diagnose and manage specific vitamin and mineral and micronutrient deficiencies

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

[FIia1] Know about common infections of children in the UK and important worldwide infections, e.g. TB, HIV, hepatitis B, malaria, polio

[FIia2] Know the UK national guidelines on notification of communicable diseases

[FIia3] Know and understand the basic principles of infection control, how outbreaks of infection including nosocomial infection occur, and how they should be investigated

[FIia4] To be able to assess and manage a febrile child and have knowledge of current evidence-based guidelines

[FIia5] Understand the principles and the rationale of immunisation programmes including the national immunisation programme for children in the UK

[FIia6] Know and understand the indications, contraindications, complications and controversies of routine childhood immunisations and able to advise parents about immunisations

[FIia7] Know the common allergies and advise on management

[FIia8] Know when antimicrobials are indicated

[FIia9] Understand the normal patterns and frequency of infections in childhood

Theory and Science (TAS)

[TIia1] Know the epidemiology, pathology and natural history of common infections of childhood including normal patterns of frequency

[TIia2] Understand microbiological characteristics, including antibiotic resistance, virulence and other mechanisms which lead to the spread of infection in communities and populations

[TIia3] Understand the pathophysiology of fever and sepsis and the scientific rationale for treatment

[TIia4] Understand the scientific basis of immunisation

[TIia5] Understand the scientific basis of allergy and anaphylaxis and the rationale for treatments

[TIia6] Understand host defence mechanisms and their pattern of development

[TIia7] Know the epidemiology, genetic and environmental triggers and natural history of atopic, allergic and autoimmune diseases

[TIia8] Understand the pharmacology and rational use of antimicrobials including the problem of resistance development

[TIia9] Know the classification and essential features of infectious agents

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

[FPSCG1] Know the role of patient safety and clinical governance in safe healthcare delivery

[FPSCG2] To be able to describe the impact of human factors on delivering safe clinical care

[FPSCG3] Know how to exchange information in a timely manner to establish a shared understanding among appropriate members of the team  

[FPSCG4] Know what to do to minimize the risk of transmission of infection

[TPSCG5] Understand the factors that drive pandemic/ epidemic infections and appreciate how this is used in clinical practice to prevent them

[FPSCG6] Understand the ethical implications of patient testing in the event of a needle stick injury

Theory and Science (TAS)

[TPSCG1] Understand the concepts of patient safety and clinical governance

[TPSCG2] Know about the human factors and physiological stressors (e.g. fatigue, hunger) that contribute to adverse events

[TPSCG3] Understands how effective communication has been shown to reduce clinical risk

[TPSCG4] Know the main routes of transmission of hospital acquired infections and their prevention

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FNeuro1] Know the causes of headache and to be able to treat or refer as necessary
• [FNeuro2] Know the likely causes and management of meningitis/encephalitis and altered consciousness
• [FNeuro3] Know the causes of hydrocephalus, macrocephaly and microcephaly and when to refer

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TNeuro1] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of neurological disorders
• [TNeuro2] Understand the scientific principles of neurophysiological studies e.g. EEG, EMG, BAER, otoacoustic emissions

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FHaeO1] Know the causes and presentations of anaemia and their initial investigation and management
• [FHaeO2] Know and understand safe transfusion practice
• [FHaeO3] Know the causes of bleeding, purpura and bruising and recognise features in the presentation which suggest serious underlying pathology
• [FHaeO4] Know how to interpret haematological investigations including full blood count, blood film and coagulation studies
• [FHaeO5] Know the clinical manifestations of acute leukaemia, lymphoma, and solid tumours
• [FHaeO6] Know how to assess a child withlymphadenopathy or other masses and when to refer
• [FHaeO7] Know about the risks and benefits of ionising radiation
• [FHaeO8] Understand the role of different health care professionals in shared care for oncological conditions

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [THaeO1] Understand the physiology and pathophysiology of
• haematopoiesis that occurs throughout childhood  
• [THaeO2] Understand the scientific basis of blood transfusion including the role of major and minor blood antigens
• [THaeO3] Understand the pathophysiology of coagulation disorders and hypercoagulable states
• [THaeO4] To be able to interpret commonly reported haematological investigations
• [THaeO5] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of haematological disorders and malignancies and understand the molecular basis of cell growth and regulation
• [THaeO6] Know the anatomy of the reticuloendothelial system
• [THaeO7] Understand the tissue effects of ionising radiation
• [THaeO8] Understand the pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of haematological and oncological disorders including monoclonal antibodies

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FOphth1] Know the presenting features of visual impairment and the principles of management
• [FOphth2] Know the causes and management of eye infections and inflammatory disorders
• [FOphth3] Know the common causes of an absent red reflex, to able to refer appropriately and be aware of management options
• [FOphth4] Know the common causes of ptosis and proptosis and the principles of management
• [FOphth5] Know the causes and presentations of strabismus and the principles of management

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TOphth1] Know the anatomy and embryology of the eye and understand how the structure of the eye relates to function
• [TOphth2] Know the genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of eye disorders
• [TOphth3] Understand the normal development of vision and the pathophysiology of visual impairment
• [TOphth4] Know the physiology of the eye and its movement e.g. pupillary reflexes, anisocoria, strabismus, refractive errors, nystagmus
• [TOphth5] Understand the pharmacology of agents commonly used in eye disease including antimicrobials and mydriatics

[FGenD1] Understand patterns of disease inheritance and able to construct a family tree and interpret patterns of inheritance

[TGenD1] Understand the scientific basis of genetic disorders and inheritance

[FGenD2] Know about the features of common chromosome disorders e.g. Down, Turner and Fragile X syndromes

[TGenD2] Understand the chromosomal and molecular basis of genetic disorders and the principles of testing

[FGenD3] Know the basis of genetic screening and diagnosis, the common conditions for which they are used and the ethical dilemmas they pose

[TGenD3] Understand the scientific basis of genetic screening and diagnosis

[FGenD4] Know about environmental factors which may affect pre-natal development, e.g. maternal health, alcohol and drugs

[TGenD4] Know the environmental factors which may affect prenatal development

• [FEthL1] Understand the principles of child advocacy i.e. that all decisions are to be made in the best interest of the child and issues relating to consent and confidentiality
• [TEthL1] Know the legal rights of children and young people in the UK

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FPharm1] Know how to find out information necessary for safe prescribing through use of pediatric formularies and pharmacy liaison
• [FPharm2] Know how to prescribe safely and be aware of adverse effects and interactions of drugs
• [FPharm3] Know about the need to explain to parents the unlicensed and off-label prescription of drugs

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TPharm1] Understand the mode of action, physiological and metabolic mechanisms of therapeutic agents including intravenous fluids
• [TPharm2] Understand the mechanisms of undesired effects of therapeutic agents
• [TPharm3] Understand the pharmacokinetic principles of dosing and prescribing in children

Foundation of Practice (FOP)

• [FNeo1] Know and understand the effects of antenatal and perinatal events
• [FNeo2] Know about the antenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects
• [FNeo3] Know the problems associated with prematurity and the long-term sequelae including the impact on the family and community
• [FNeo4] To be able to recognize and initiate the management of common disorders in the newborn including sepsis
• [FNeo5] Understand the principles of newborn feeding and growth recognizing the importance of breastfeeding and being able to advise on lactation difficulties and contraindications
• [FNeo6] Be aware of the occurrence and clinical features of maternal to the fetal transmission of infection
• [FNeo7] Know about the support networks for families and babies including those from socially disadvantaged families
• [FNeo8] Know the range of newborn screening tests used in the UK including hematological and metabolic conditions, cystic fibrosis, and the universal newborn hearing screening program
• [FNeo9] Know about common minor congenital abnormalities and their initial management
• [FNeo10] Understand the causes and features of neonatal jaundice know when to refer for further investigation and be able to recognize the early presentation of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia
• [FNeo11] Know the presentations of neonatal seizures and recognize abnormal neurological features e.g. the floppy baby
• [FNeo12] Know the principles and methods of neonatal resuscitation
• [FNeo13] Know how to recognize, assess and initially manage respiratory disorders in the neonatal period
• [FNeo14] To be able to recognize and assess birth injury with appropriate referral
• [FNeo15] Know about the identification, initial management, and appropriate referral pathways for neonatal surgical problems including NEC

Theory and Science (TAS)

• [TNeo1] Understand the normal physiological processes occurring during the perinatal period
• [TNeo2] Understand the scientific basis of common diseases and conditions affecting the newborn including the consequences of prematurity
• [TNeo3] Understand the physiology underlying fluid and electrolyte management and nutrition in the neonate
• [TNeo4] Understand the science of acquired and congenital infections in the newborn period
• [TNeo5] Understand the statistical principles and science of the practice of newborn screening
• [TNeo6] Understand the embryology of the human fetus from conception to birth and how errors in this process can lead to diseases or congenital anomalies
• [TNeo7] Understand the physiology of jaundice in the neonatal period and the principles of treatment
• [TNeo8] Understand the causes and mechanism of brain injury in term and preterm infants and its relationship to short and long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae
• [TNeo9] Understand the physiological basis of neonatal resuscitation
• [TNeo10] Understand the principles of mechanical ventilation including the interpretation of blood gases
• [TNeo11] Understand the pathophysiology of respiratory disease of the newborn and its complications

(ABG -SPIROMETRY- HEARING TESTS- TYPANMETRY- AUDIOMERTY ETC..)

(FUNCTION TESTS- IMAGING AS DMSA-MUCG.ETC…)